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There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably in Asia in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned.
To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. We will return to this issue shortly. But with any reasonable definition the first use of money is as old as human civilization. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church granaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of withdrawal – thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact, during Alexander the Great’s period, the granaries were linked together, making checks in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British checks in the 1980s.
However, money is older than written history. Recent anthropological and linguistic research indicates that not only is money very old, but it’s origin has little to do with trading, thus contradicting another common myth. Rather, money was first used in a social setting. Probably at first as a method of punishment.
Early Stone Age man began the use of precious metals as money. Until the invention of coins, metals were weighed to determine their value. Counting is of course more practical, the first standardized ingots appeared around 2200 BC. Other commonplace objects were subsequently used in the abstract sense, for example miniature axes, nails, swords, etc.
Full standardization arrived with coins, approximately 700 BC. The first printed money appeared in China, around 800 AD. The first severe inflation was in the 11th century AD. The Mongols adapted the bank note system in the 13th century, which Marco Polo wrote about. The Mongol bank notes were “legal tender”, i.e. it was a capital offense to refuse them as payment. By the late 1400s, centuries of inflation eliminated printed bank notes in China. They were reinvented in Europe in the 17th century.
1. Are the concepts of money and coinage the same?
2.How old is the first money?
3.What did early Stone Age men use as money?
4.Where and when did the first bank notes appear?
5.When and where was the printed money reinvented?
1. She met a woman who works on TV.
2. What a name of the perfume which you are wearing today?
3. The hotel where they stayed was terrible.
4. Amanda is my best friend who I can always rely on.
5. She wore a costume which made her look funny.
6. Who that boy you were talking to?
7. I work in the town where my son lives.
8. People who live in flats shouldn’t have animals.
9. The car which he bought last month is fantastic.
10. Is there a shop near here where sells milk?
11. Jack is an architect who designed the Opera House.
12. The apartment where the lawyer lives is the biggest in the house
13. The sport centre where we play tennis is very expensive
14. The ring which he bought for her is beautiful
15. The school,where I studied, is in the centre of the city.
16. Do you know the man who talked to me?
17. We will stay at the hotel where my friend has recommended to us.
18. That is the film which I like very much.
19. This is the café where I ate a delicious cake yesterday.
20. This is the library where you can find even rare books.
21. We will visit the castle where the kings lived.
22. The bag which I bought is blue.
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Оригинал:
write down all the new words with the translations. It is very important to wiite down examples of the sentences with the new words too. When you do that, you can remember the place ol the woid in the sentence, which prepositions or articles go with it. and remember it in context.
Misha: Should they watch films in English?
Mr Grams: I he*y can try, but they shouldn’t get upset if they can’t
understand anything. 1 hey 11 have to watch the same film again and again until they understand better. It is also a good idea to get a copy of the same film in Russian.
Misha: Is that all?
Mr Grams: Oh. no. They should listen to English cassettes and repeat
things alter the speakers. That will improve their pronunciation and their ability to understand.
Misha: But they are always listening to our teacher. Her English is very good. Isn’t that enough?
Mr Grams: Unfortunately, it isn’t. They have to listen to different accents.
If they always listen to the same person, they won’t be able to understand other people. So if they aren’t able to talk to native speakers, they'll have to use the cassettes!
Misha: And what about grammar? They learn a lot of grammar rules by heart.
Mr Grams: You don't have to do that. Grammar is very important, of course, but they have to use it, not simply learn the rules. However, they should learn texts and songs by heart. Then they will have longer phrases, not only words in their memory.
Misha: Thank you very much, Mr Grams. You're my favourite teacher.
Mr Grams: That’s very kind of you, Misha.
Answer the questions.
1. Why is four years enough to learn English?
2. Why should you read adapted versions of English books?
3. Why should you buy a dictionary?
4. Why is it useful to get a copy of the same film in Russian?
5. Why should you listen to cassettes?
3. Why should you learn texts by heart?
I What is more important: to learn grammar rules or to use them?
s. Why should you write down examples of sentences with new words?
ind sentences with too in the text. Translate them into Russian.
emember your discussion from the last lesson. Which of your ideas about learn
nglish were right / wrong? Prove your ideas with sentences from the text.Unit 4 Lessons 4, 5
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