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An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by
a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed
automation, since these lines are set up for long production runs, making large
number of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each
station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or
product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw work part
enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation and appears at the
other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a
work part being processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed
simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each cycle of the line. The
various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an automated
transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate
efficiently.
Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers,
which are special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions
required to operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized in
many industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as
machining and pressworking.
Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting
or shaping tool, so that the remaining work part is the desired shape. Machinery
and motor components are usually made by this process. In many cases, multiple
operations are required to completely shape of the part. If the part is mass-
produced, an automated transfer line is often the most economical method of
production. Many separate operations are divided among the workstations.
Pressworking operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet
metal.Examples of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of
laundry machines and metal furniture. More than one processing step is often
required to complete a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in
sequence by handling mechanisms that transfer the partially completed parts from
one press to the next, thus creating an automated pressingwork line.
ну как-то
speed, excitement, danger. you can find all these in the different extreme sports that have become popular last 10 years. take bungee jumping. you jump off a bridge and you fall and fall, and then, just before you hit the ground or water, an elastic rope pulls you back. in skysurfing you jump out of aeroplane and use a board to “surf” the air, doing gymnastics in mid-air! and extreme sports on land can be just as dangerous.
winter sports have always an element of danger. for example snowboarding, which has all the excitement of surfing but on snow, is more dangerous even than skiing. probably the most dangerous of all the new winter sports is snowrafting. you sit in a rubber boat and sail down a mountain at great speed – and you can't control the boat!
of course, water sports have always been fun. ice diving, for those people who are absolutely crasy. you put on diving equipment and dive under a frosen lake. and, if that's not enough, you try to walk upside down on the ice! i feel cold just thinking about it.
a lot of people are not fit nowadays. it's a big problem today. if you want to feel fit you'd better go in for one kind of sport or another. i think that everyone must do all he can to be healthy. good health is better than the best medicine. all kinds of physical exercises are very useful to make our bodies strong and to keep ourselves fit and healthy. to tell the truth i don't do sports regularly and it is not an essential part of my daily life. in the morning i do some exercises just to awake. in summer i go swimming as there is a beautiful lake with pure water where my granny lives. in winter i swim in the swimming pool. i like to ride the bike. i shouldn't call myself a sports fan. of course , i like to watch sports competitions on tv, like hockey or football. but most of all i admire extreme kinds of sport. i think they are really cool.