There are three categories of crimes in the UK: indictable, summary, and either way crimes. Indictable offences are the most serious ones and are punishable by the longest prison terms. They include murder, rape and robbery and can only be tried in the Crown Court. Summary offences are the least serious ones, such as speeding and drunk-driving. Summary trials are heard in magistrates’ courts. Either-way offences can be heard either in the Crown Court or by magistrates. Examples of either way offences include theft, drug offences and less serious physical violence. A magistrate can decide that an either-way offence is serious enough to be heard in the Crown Court where the penalties prescribed can be more severe. If, however, a magistrate decides that an either-way offence can be heard as a summary trial, the defendant can choose to move the trial to the Crown Court. An important aspect of criminal law is that in most crimes the prosecution has to prove two elements. The first, actus reus, refers to the criminal act itself. The second, mens rea, refers to the intent to commit a crime –‘guilty mind’. However, in some cases, such as drunk driving or speeding, the prosecution does not have to prove intent. Such offences are said to be of ‘strict liability’. Types of serious crimes in most jurisdictions are: arson, theft, sexual offences, terrorism. In common law arson is setting fire to the dwelling of another person. Theft sometimes is still known by the traditional name of larceny which probably is the most common crime involving criminal intent. The traditional definition of theft is the physical removal of an object without the consent of the owner. Burglary is entering a building, inhabited vehicle or vessel to steal, to inflict bodily harm or to do unlawful damage. In English law, any entry by an individual into a building with intent to commit theft is burglary. Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence. Robbery takes many forms –from the mugging of a stranger in the street to robberies of banks, involving numerous participants and careful planning.
Words: indictable offences -уголовные преступления; summary offences - преступления, преследуемые в порядке суммарного судопроизводства; either-way offences – прочие правонарушения; actus reus - состав преступления; mens rea - преступный умысел; strict liability - строгая ответственность; arson - поджог; larceny – воровство; burglary – кража со взломом;
robbery – грабеж
2. Письменно ответьте на следующие во Исправьте следующие предложения:
1. There are four categories of crimes in the UK. 2. The most serious crimes are summary offences. 3. Theft is the physical removal of an object with the consent of the owner. 4. In English law, any entry by an individual into a building to commit theft is robbery.
Harry Potter is my favourite series of books of all time. In the world of Harry Potter everybody can find something for themselves, something moving, something to relate to. The plot, simple yet brilliant, engages us from the beginning and keeps us guessing until the very end. What I love most about Rowling's style is her attention to detail. Symbolic hints are hidden everywhere, especially in the names of characters, spells, places.
Each character in the book is unique and their purpose is to teach us a valuable life lesson. For example, from Lily Evans we learn about the power of love, Severus Snape teaches us to never judge a book by its cover, Harry Potter helps us understand the importance of friendship, Albus Dumbledore shows that making mistakes is human, no matter how wise or experienced you are, and Luna Lovegood encourages us to embrace out weirdness.
The series of books starts relatively light-hearted, however later covers darker themes: slavery and elitism, corruption and injustice, overcoming your own darkness and facing your fears.
You always find a new angle to look at something when reading Harry Potter. Personally, I find these books very helpful when I am going through a hard time. Albus Dumbledore once said: "Happiness can be found even in the darkest of times, only if one remembers to turn on the light." For me this magical world filled with love and kindness will always be the light, and I am incredibly grateful to J.K. Rowling for creating this wonderful universe.
P.S. It's very chaotic, I'm sorry for that. Feel free to change it as you please.
1) S
2) S
3) D
4) D
5) S
6) D
Пояснения1) She doesn't have many hats.
She doesn't have a lot of hats.
S, т.к. и там, и там имеется в виду, что она не имеет большого количества шапок (many = a lot of)
2) There are a few DVDs.
There aren't many DVDs.
S, т.к. и там, и там имеется в виду, что немного дисков (a few = aren't many)
3) I'm not watching TV.
I never watch TV.
D, т.к. в первом предложении идет речь о том, что человек в данный момент не смотрит телевизор (т.к. конструкция am not Ving, это Present Continuous), а во втором о том, что человек в принципе не смотрит телевизор (т.к. конструкция I never V, это Present Simple).
4) He's keen on fizzy drinks.
He doesn't like fizzy drinks.
D, т.к. в первом предложении идет речь о том, что человеку нравятся газированные напитки (конструкция to be keen on smth - увлекаться чем-либо), а во втором о том, что он их не любит (doesn't like).
5) That isn't kind.
That's unkind.
S, т.к. в обоих предложениях идет речь о том, что это что-то недоброе (isn't kind = is unkind).
6) I need that pen.
I need a pen.
D, т.к. в первом предложении идет речь о конкретной "той" ручке (that pen), а во втором о том, что ему в принципе нужна любая, неопределенная ручка (a pen).