The First Computers In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This
device was used in World War II to help aim guns.
Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s and
1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man
responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that
could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their
digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von
Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's
memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted
with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's
machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both
data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary
code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two
conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate
into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes.
Neumann's stored program computer as well as other machines of that time were made
possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals.
(Read the text again and answer the questions)
1. When was the first analog computer built?
2. Where and how was that computer used?
3. When did the first digital computers appear?
4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer?
5. What could that device do?
6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word.
7. What was J. Neumann's contribution into the development of computers?
8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC?
9. What does binary code mean?
10.Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?
Have you ever felt ill after you've eaten something? Yes? Then you've probably had food poisoning. Food poisoning is an illness which you can get when you eat food that contains bacteria, viruses or parasites, which enter the stomach and intestines. This is called a foodborne illness. Common symptoms of foodborne illnesses are diarrhoea, vomiting, headaches and fever.
The two most common foodborne illnesses are campylobacter and salmonella. Both of these are bacterial foodborne illnesses and we sometimes find them in raw (uncooked) meat (especially chicken and turkey), milk, eggs and unclean water.
You can get food poisoning from food which has not been cooked properly or because of cross-contamination. This is when bacteria spread between different foods,
surfaces or kitchen equipment. For example, when you prepare raw chicken on a surface and don't clean it before using the same surface for other food like salad or cooked meat. Another danger is when you keep raw meat above other food in a fridge and liquid from the raw meat falls on to the food below.
Объяснение:
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The American novelist J.D Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye in 1951. It became a best-seller all over the world. The main character is a teenager called Holden Caulfield. The setting is the USA in the 1950s. At the beginning of the story, Holden is at boarding school. The school expels him and the story is about three days he spends alone in New York. The themes of the book are growing up and how false adults can be.The ending is a bit mysterious because the reader isn't sure what will happen to Holden.