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Text с: «methods of steel heat treatment»
Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled byimmersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure.
Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many applications and is also brittle. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this hardness and brittleness. Tempering temperatures depend on the composition of the steel but are frequently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product. The color of the oxide filmproduced on the surface of the heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature.
Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly. After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being bent many times without cracking).
All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain mechanical properties for certain needs.
Vocabulary:
to immerse — погружать
to apply — применять
intermediate — промежуточный
oxide film — оксидная пленка
annealing — отжиг, отпуск
cracking — растрескивание
General understanding:
1. What can be done to obtain harder steel?
2. What makes steel more soft and tough?
3. What makes steel more malleable and ductile?
4. What can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it?
5. What temperature range is used for tempering?
6. What are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?
Exercise 1.6. Translate into English the following words and word combinations:
1. температура нормализации
2. мелкозернистая структура
3. быстрое охлаждение
4. закаленная сталь
5. состав стали
6. окисная пленка
7. индикатор температуры
8. медленное охлаждение
Everything or almost everything has a beginning, a middle and an end. Nobody will argue with this. However, when starting to do something, we often start from the middle (or even from the end), completely forgetting about the beginning. Why?
Because, as a rule, both the beginning and the end are a ritual that carries no meaning other than symbolic. The meaning of the action usually lies in the middle. And the rest is like a wrapper, like a packaging container, so that it doesn't "break" ... We, not respecting the ritual, not seeing any benefit in it, like in a packaging container, we often go straight to the middle of the case. We believe that performing the ritual is not necessary at all.What is the ritual of the beginning and the end? This is usually: 1) greeting, 2) gratitude, 3) appeal for invisible help to the Higher powers ... Are there any more examples? These are enough for now.
You can, of course, shout from the doorway: “Give me money! (information, goods) "... And you can first ... say hello, or something. You can, having received money (information, goods), immediately run on about your business, or you can ... thank and say goodbye properly.
This is also understandable and primitive. But in fact, we often neglect even this.
We do not have time, we save time - we immediately go "to the heart of the matter." However, a proverb was created especially for such "time-saving" ones: "If you hurry, you will make people laugh!"
Объяснение:
Each person has his hobby and as a matter of fact little free time to do something we like doing most of all. I also have many hobbies. As I am a pupil I haven`t got much free time during the school days. And I study in Russian school so I`ve got only one day off. It`s Sunday.
In my free time I usually hang out with my friends or surf the Net. If it is summer I don`t use the computer much and have a great time outside. But in autumn, winter and spring I have to use computer more because sometimes wecan`t do our homework without using the Internet. And I usually chat with my friends because I don`t see some of them for a long time.
On Saturdays or Sundays I usually help my mum with the housework, watch TV, meet my friends and often play the guitar because I`m mad about music.
But sometimes if the school days were busy and I had to study much harder I simply relax. I think we must do something interesting in our free time because we become borried and tired after doing homework and studying so hard.
Объяснение: