Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в требуемых видовременных и залоговых формах. The first bridges (1) (to believe) to be made by nature – as simple as a log fallen across a stream. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, (2) (to use) a simple support and crossbeam arrangement.
The Indian Epic literature Ramayana (3) (to provise) mythological accounts of bridges constructed from India to Sri Lanka by the army of Sri Rama, the mythological King of Ayodhya.
Mention of bridges being constructed by Mauryan dynasty in India, (4) (to give) in Kautilya’s “Arthasastra”. During the wars Mughals have constructed many bridges across major rivers, in India.
Before pre-historic people (5) (to begin) to build the crudest shelter for themselves they bridged streams. Trees that (6) (to fall) across the stream from bank to bank acted as bridges. The wandering tribe that first deliberately made a tree fall across a stream were the first bridge builders.
Observing monkeys (7) (to swing) of the several vines, led to connecting parallel cables with some sort of cross pieces, to support as bridges. Later hand grips were proved which led to suspension bridges.
Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes Mountains of South America.
The first bridges (8) (to be) natural of huge rock arch that spans. The first man-made bridges were tree trunks laid across streams in girder fashion, flat stones, and festoons of vegetation, twisted or braided and hung in suspension.
These three types – beam, arch, and suspension – (9) (to know) and built since ancient times and are the origins from which engineers and builders (10) (to derive) various combinations such as the truss, cantilever, cable-stayed, tied-arch, and moveable spans.
