Просмотрите текст и определите, в каком абзаце
a) рассказывается о классификациях правовых систем в дается понятие «правовой семьи»;
c) перечисляются признаки правовой системы;
d) дается представление о международном праве.
найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на языке.
1) действующие нормы права
2) отрасли и институты права
3) существующая система общественных отношений
4) в соответствии с основными признаками
5) почти все страны
6) международное право
7) человечества
8) правовые семьи.
1) what is a system of law? according to russian scholars it is the internal structure of law defined by social relations. it is expressed by unity and coordination of all acting legal norms and their implementation in branches and institutions of law. the characteristics of the legal system are:
reflection of the existing system of social relations;
unity and consistency of all norms of law;
division into relatively independent parts — branches, sub-branches and institutions of law;
close connections between different elements of a law system;
stability and dynamism.
2) when rules and laws become systematized inside one country they make national legal systems and these systems can be classified into families according to their main features. there are about 200 legal systems in the world. throughout the history of mankind there were various attempts to classify them. in the past, legal systems have often been grouped by geography, history, culture, race, language, religion, or official ideology. nowadays, scholars define the following legal blocks:
national legal systems;
legal families;
groups of legal families.
3) although each modern system has its own individuality, it is possible to
group many of them into legal “families”. the existing legal systems of nearly
all countries are generally modeled upon elements of several main types:
civil law (roman-germanic legal family);
common law (anglo-saxon legal system);
religious law;
customary law;
mixed or pluralistic law.
4) the additional type of the legal system — international law — can be referred to as the law which governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships. its part, the law system of the european community, has become the first example of the newly created supranational legal system
There are hundreds of festivals taking place every month all over the world. They are often connected with celebrations of certain holidays, for example, New Year Day, St. Patrick’s Day, Shrove Tuesday, Mother’s Day, May Day, Children’s Day, Halloween, etc. There are also some festivals, which are not connected with common holidays, but are cheerfully celebrated in certain countries. For example, Songkran – Thai New Year, La Tomatina, Oktoberfest, Glastonbury Festival, Guy Fawkes Night, Notting Hill Carnival, Holi.
I think that everyone enjoys participating in such festivals. As for me, I would love to see the Notting Hill Carnival and Holi. These two festivals are so different from the ones we celebrate each year. The Notting Hill Carnival is a street carnival, which takes place in England in late August. It is named after the London district, where it’s held. This festival has been celebrated since 1966 and it is considered to be the inspiration of black immigrants. The Notting Hill Carnival lasts for several days and is attended by more than two million people every year. The participants wear shimmering costumes, sing Calipso songs, play drum music, and present group dancing. Perhaps, the most inviting part during the festival is the tasting of exotic food.
Holi is another festival I’d like to visit. It’s a spring festival, which marks the abundance of wheat harvest. It has originated in India and is celebrated for a couple of days. The main idea of the festival is to show the triumph of virtue over evil through bright colors. The participants are seen singing and dancing in small groups. They also throw colors at each other. On this day people stop any quarrels, forgive each other and with good luck.
People like different films: westerns, comedies, thrillers, actions, romantic stories. As for me, my favourite film is Avatar. The story impressed me very much. It is a fantastic film about another world. It isn’t like any other film I’ve ever seen.
A world-known James Cameron directed this amazing tale. He has been working on it for ten years. The main actor’s name is Sam Worthington. He plays the role of a marine soldier Jake Sully. Jake takes part in an experiment and turns into a native being. The action happens on the Planet Pandora. It’s a beautiful exciting place with wonderful nature and unusual native beings called the Navi. Jake wants to find the mines with exclusive minerals. He meets Neytiri (actress Zoe Saldana), one of Navi humanoids. In my opinion, the actors and the acting are brilliant. I recommend this film to everyone. It is a wonderful, unusual, actual story which helps to appreciate important things in our life because our real world is angry and cruel.