Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним задания Metals and Alloys

From the earliest times metals and their alloys were and are referred to as the basic engineering materials. Lately new branches of industry have been developed, for example, electronic, atomic and space industries. The need for new metallic materials has enormously increased. Metals which were practically unheard of before, such as germanium, plutonium and thorium have come to light. Besides, high-temperature alloys for power plants capable of withstanding oxidation and erosion, new ferro-magnetic materials, constructional steels intended for operating under severe stresses and at extremely high or low temperatures have been developed.

Each metal or alloy possesses a certain distinct combination of properties which differs it from other metals and alloys and by which metals and alloys are determined for a given engineering application. This combination of properties may be varied by alloying with other elements.

Before starting to study the properties of metals and alloys we should get an idea of what the terms “pure metal” and “alloys” mean. The term “alloy” is commonly used to describe a metallic solid containing two or more metals and metalloids. The properties of an alloy are influenced by the properties of the elements it consists of. As a rule, alloys are defined by their dominant element which is present in a quantity over 50% (per cent) by weight, the remainder are alloying elements and impurities. There are a lot of alloys, for example, copper-base alloys, aluminium-base alloys and so on.

The term “pure metal” is used for materials from which almost all chemical elements but one are eliminated.

The designation “metal” is sometimes applied in metallurgy to any metallic materials without making any distinction between a pure metal and an alloy. The first definition of the word “metal” was formulated by M. V. Lomonosov in the following way: “A metal is a bright solid that can be forged”. This definition is still true. The metallic luster and the ability for plastic deformation are, in fact, looked upon as the characteristic features of metals. The most important feature of metals, however, is their high electrical conductivity which decreases as the temperature is raised.

In conclusion it’s necessary to mention that metals and alloys are the most important engineering materials due to their excellent properties.

10. Выпишите из текста 10 интернациональных слов и переведите их.

11. Выпишите из текста 5 существительных, 5 прилагательных и 4 наречия образованных с словообразовательных суффиксов.

12. Выпишите из текста 3 словосочетания модальный глагол или его эквивалент + инфинитив.

13. Подчеркните в тексте 5 сказуемых в страдательном залоге.

14. ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст.

1. What new metals have recently come to light?

2. What does the term “alloy” mean?

3. What determines the properties of an alloy?

4. What does the term “pure metal” mean?

5. What is the most important feature of metals?

Health care in Ukraine

Doctors and Health Centres

Doctors are known as a likar and are the first point of contact with the Ukrainian health system. Citizens can register with the doctor of their choice, however, people seeking state medical care must make sure that their doctor is contracted into the health scheme. If you are treated by a doctor whether or not the doctor is covered by the state you will have to pay a fee.

GPs prescribe drugs, treat acute and chronic illnesses, and provide preventive care and health education.

Waiting times to see doctors vary and it is advised that you make an appointment in advance. If you need urgent help, you may go to the doctors surgery on speculation, but be prepared for a long wait.

Health centres in Ukraine are in an extremely poor state. The medical facilities are of a poor standard compared to Western standards; the medical equipment and facilities are in short supply compared to the high demand. All services, including doctors and nurses cost a lot of money which makes health care in health centres not always a feasible option for the ordinary citizen. The doctors and nurses who work in the health centres are not always fully trained in the health system.

Consultants

Consultants are senior doctors who have completed a higher level of specialised training. GPs refer patients to a Consultant if he believes that a patient may need specialist help and diagnosis. There are very few consultants in Ukraine, which therefore makes a high waiting list to see the Consultant doctors. The consultants are no different to a doctor in terms of them still asking for a fee, normally higher than a normal doctor due to their higher level medical skills.

Hospitals

Hospitals and clinics exist in all major towns and cities of Ukraine, but are nowhere near the standard which is required in Ukraine. Hospitals are dirty and the level of care in extremely low due to staff shortages. Patients are admitted to hospital either through the emergency department or through a referral by their doctor. Once a patient is admitted treatment is controlled by one of the hospital doctors. All hospital doctors require a fee which makes hospitalisation difficult for its citizens. Doctors and nurses are in short supply due to low wages which is resulting in doctors and nurses going abroad and offering their services. There may be a waiting list for some non-emergency treatments and services.

Emergency Care

Emergency care is supposedly to be free for everyone including those without state health insurance. However, once your condition is stabilised the doctor will probably ask for a fee for their services due to the low wages that the state provides. Emergency departments are open non-stop all year. You may use their services if you need immediate attention, or if your GP refers you to them, or if there is no GP service available.

Private Clinics

There are a few private practices in Ukraine which are provided by independent office-based doctors and specialists. The premises are funded largely by private insurance contributions, but it is used only by a small minority of people, often as a top up to the basic state healthcare and to cover them for the services deemed non-essential. The private hospitals are cleaner and the comfort factor is a lot higher than a state hospital, there are no waiting lists, but then there is a higher fee, which is not always a feasible option for the ordinary citizen.

Dentists

Dental care in Ukraine is expensive and not very many citizens can afford the dental care that is necessary, all dentist services are private in Ukraine. Dentists are known as a zubnyy likar. Dentists can be found in major cities of Ukraine normally where the income of the citizens are of the amount where they can afford dental care.

Pharmacies

Dispensing chemists known as an apteka sell medicines in Ukraine. Prescriptions known as prypysannia are generally not needed to buy medicines, which are normally tightly monitored in Western countries. There are many pharmacies throughout Ukraine and the cost of medicine from a pharmacy can be expensive as there is no monitoring of drug prices. Many pharmacies in the major cities are open 24 hours, so there is always access to pharmacy medicines.

Объяснение:

1

The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states

2

Donald Trump is the 45th and current president of the United States

3

я хз сори

4

Iconic places to visit in the US:

Navy Pier, Chicago. ...

Freedom trail and the Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Boston. ...

Las Vegas Strip.

5

The United States of America is the world's third largest country in size and nearly the third largest in terms of population. Located in North America, the country is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Along the northern border is Canada and the southern border is Mexico.

6

# Name Length

1 Missouri River 2,341 mi 3,768 km

2 Mississippi River 2,202 mi 3,544 km

3 Yukon River 1,979 mi 3,185 km

4 Rio Grande 1,759 mi 2,830 km

7.

The Appalachian Mountains: The Appalachian Mountains, or simply the 'Appalachians,' begin in the southern state of Alabama and continue up into the New England states and on to Canada. This mountain chain is 1,500 miles (2,414 km) long from beginning to end.

Объяснение: