ответить на вопросы в конце текста
No state today is completely communistic; no state is completely capitalistic.
The various national economic systems tend towards communism or capitalism, and many are difficult to classify exactly.
It has been found necessary in many countries to control or regulate national economic conditions. Even the most dedicated free enterprise systems, such as the USA, have felt this need.
The under-developed countries of the world are usually interested in control and long-term planning. Such countries as India have had a number of plans guided by the government.
India makes a distinction between the public sector of the economy on the one hand and the private sector on the other hand.
Such systems, with public and private sectors, are neither com-munistic nor capitalistic, but are sometimes called mixed economies.
Britain today has a mixed economy. In the public sector of British economic life are the nationalized industries like coal and steel, British Rail and BOAC1. In the private sector are the majority of the nation's industries, both large and small. The private sector includes giant companies like ICP and BP and a great number of small family businesses. In 1962 the British government set up an official body to plan national economic policies. This body is called the National Economic Development Council.
The members of this council are representatives of the employers, the employees and other interested people.
BOAC: British Overseas Airways Corporation ICI: Imperial Chemical Industries BP: British Petroleum
Exercises
1. Answers these questions, basing your answers on the text.
1) Are there any completely communistic states?
2) Are there any completely capitalistic states?
3) Do the various national economies tend towards one or other ideology?
4) Are the various economic systems difficult to classify?
5) Have most countries found economic control necessary?
6) Has the US felt the same need?
7) Are the under-developed countries interested in control and planning?
8) Has India had a number of national economic plans?
9) Is the Indian economy based entirely on private enterprise?
10) Does the Indian economy have two distinct sectors?
11) Is the Indian system a mixed economy?
12) Is BOAC a nationalized British industry?
13) Is ICI a nationalized British industry?
14) Was the NEDC set up by the British government?
15) Are both employers and employees represented on the NEDC?
My Favourite Writer (M. Lermontov)
One of Russia's most celebrated poets of all times, Michael Lermontov was born in Moscow in the family of a nobleman. He spent his childhood and youth in Tarckany, in the province of Penza.
In 1830 Lermontov entered the Moscow University, but very soon he had to leave it. Then he entered St. Petersburg School of Cavalry Cadets. He finished it and served in the Hussar Regiment of the Imperial Guard.
In 1837 the poet was exiled to the Caucasus for his poem "Poets Death". In 1840 Lermontov was exiled to the Caucasus for the second time. He was provoked into personal quarrel with his schoolmate. The quarrel led to a duel. On July 15th, 1841 the poet was killed. He was not even 27 at that time.
Lermontov began writing when he was very young. One of his first writings to be published was his verse tale "Hadji Arbek".
But he won fame as a poet after his poem "Poets Death" was published. Lermontov's poems "Demon" "Mtsyri" his great novel "A Hero of Our Time" and his play "Masquerade" are masterpieces of Russian literature.
Whether he wrote poetry, drama or prose, the stamp of his genius was to be found on his works. Lermontov's influence as of a poet and a thinker on all Russian writes can't be overestimated.
1)It was nice to watch the children listen to music.
2)The noise behind my back made me look around, I saw a man who was waving his hand and shouting something.
3. Can't you see that he wants you to help him?
4. I would not like you to think badly of him. We have always known him as a very honest person.
5. I have never heard him mention that name.
6. Do not allow children to watch TV until late. This is bad for their health.
7. I like to have windows facing south.
8. Let me give you some advice.
9. They felt it was time for them to leave.
10. Suddenly she felt someone lightly touch her shoulder.
11. I noticed the taxi slowed down and stopped at a street corner.
12. He always does what you want.
13. He knew this book was interesting, but he did not expect it to be so interesting.
14. I heard he is working on a new book now. Do you know what it is about?
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