Нужно выполнить два задания по тексту. Ниже представлен текст и задания. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, almost in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English began in the XVII-th century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, the great growth of population in the United States together with massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has given the English language its present standing in the world. Besides, basic characteristics of English also contribute to the situation that nowadays it is the most spread language on Earth. These characteristics are: simplicity of forms (very few endings); flexibility (the same word can operate as some different parts of speech); openness of vocabulary (English words are frequently admitted by other languages). At present English is the language of business, technology, sport and aviation.
There are four working languages in ICAO – English, French, Spanish and Russian. But all meetings, conferences and assemblies are conducted in English and then all materials are translated into other languages. For this purpose ICAO has a special “Language and Publications Branch” with four sections.
The most urgent problem in aviation is safety. The progress in safety is achieved by intensive efforts in various spheres – engineering sciences, meteorology, psychology, medicine, economics and “last but not least” the English language. Insufficient English language proficiency often results in accidents and incidents. For example, the worst disaster in aviation history occurred in 1977 when two Boeings 747 collided at Tenerife, Canary Islands. The crew of Pan American 747 missed or misunderstood taxi instructions requiring a turn off the active runway. At the same time KLM 747 initiated a shrouded take off on the opposite direction. The two aircraft met on the active runway, with heavy loss of lives.
Between 1976-2000 more than 1100 passengers and crews lost their lives in accidents in which language played a contributory role.
Concern over the role of language in airline accidents brought real actions. So in March 2003 ICAO adopted Amendments to ICAO Annexes 1, 6, 10 and 11. These Amendments make clear and extend language requirements. In addition, they contain new more strict requirements for language testing.
Additional standards in Annex 10 demand to adhere (=follow) more closely to standard phraseology in all air-ground exchanges and to use plain language when phraseology is not sufficient. Phraseology alone is unable to cover all of the potential situations, particularly (especially) in critical or emergency situations. Therefore the PELA (Proficiency in English Language) test examines use of both ATC phraseology and plain English.
I. ответьте на вопросы:
1. When did the exporting of English begin?
2. In what spheres of life is English most widely used?
3. How many working languages are there in ICAO?
4. In what language are meetings, conferences and assemblies conducted in ICAO?
5. How is the progress in safety achieved?
6. Could you explain why English language is so important in solving safety problem?
7. What are ICAO real actions for improving English language proficiency?
8. Will you describe the Amendments to ICAO Annexes adopted in 2003?
9. What do additional standards demand?
10. Can phraseology alone cover all of the potential situation in the air?
11. What are the PELA test requirements now?
III. Переведите на английский язык:
1. Каково население этого района?
2. Когда появились первые поселения европейцев на этом континенте?
3. Каковы основные характеристики английского языка?
4. Они обсуждают вопрос о новых рабочих языках в ИКАО – арабском и китайском.
5. Когда проводилась последняя ассамблея ИКАО?
6. Кто переводил эти материалы на русский язык?
7. Какова цель этой встречи?
8. Есть какие-нибудь новые публикации по этой проблеме?
9. Они достигли большого успеха в этой области.
10. Большие усилия нужны для решения этой проблемы.
11. Необходимо хорошо владеть английским, чтобы работать в международном аэропорту.
12. Недостаточное владение экипажем английским языком привело к катастрофе.
13. Катастрофа произошла над океаном.
14. На какой высоте столкнулись самолеты?
15. В этой катастрофе была большая потеря жизней.
16. ИКАО примет новые поправки к Аннексам в следующем месяце.
17. У нас достаточно топлива, чтобы лететь в Копенгаген.
18. Мы должны владеть как радиотелефонной фразеологией, так и обычным английским.
1. At last I have done all my homework: now I shall go out,
2. The building of the house began early in April.
3. The rain has stopped but a cold wind is still blowing.
4. We have already solved the problem.
5. He came a moment ago.
6. I have never spoken to him.
7. He has just finished his work.
8. Have You made any spelling mistakes in your dictation?
9. It was very cold yesterday.
10. When did you meet him?
11. I have not seenhim. since 1987.
12. How many mushrooms have you gathered?
Объяснение:
.
1. I go shopping with my brother.
I don't go shopping with my brother.
Do you go shopping with your brother? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
2. We sometimes use a dictionary in class
We sometimes don't use a dictionary in class
Do they sometimes use a dictionary in class? Yes, we do. No, we do not.
3. My friends study Italian at their school.
My friends don't study Italian at their school.
Do your friends study Italian at their school? Yes, they do. No, they do not.
4. School finishes at 3 o'clock.
School doesn't finish at 3 o'clock
Does school finish at 3 o'clock? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
5. You live near me.
You don't live near me
Do you live near me? Yes, I dancing. No, I don't.
6. He likes rap music.
He doesn't like rap music
Does he like rap music? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
7. She does her homework before dinner.
She doesn't her homework before dinner.
Does she do her homework before dinner? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
8. We play tennis in school on Wednesday afternoon.
We don't play tennis in school on Wednesday afternoon.
Do they play tennis in school on Wednesday afternoon? Yes, we do. No, we do not.
9. I watch TV in the evening.
I don't watch TV in the evening.
Do you watch TV in the evening? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
10. My mother teaches art.
My mother doesn't teach art.
Does your mother teach art? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
Надеюсь я