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RF political system
The Russian Federative Republic has been set, up by the Constitution of 1993.
Under the Constitution Russia is a Presidential Republic. The federal government consists of three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Federation Council. The Lower Chamber is the State Duma. Each Chamber is headed by the Chairman. Legislature is initiated in the Lower Chamber. But to become a law a bill must be approved by the Lower and Upper Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill. The State Duma may override the veto.
The President makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints the Prime Minister to be approved by the State Duma.
The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Government.
The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Arbitrary Court and regional courts.
The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The Council of Federation is not elected. It is formed of the heads of the regions.
Today the state Russian banner is three coloured. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolises the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one signifies liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the former symbols in 1991.
The hymn of Russia was created by Alexandrov and Mikhalkov. Now the national coat of arms is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitch signifying the succession of the Russian state from the Byzantine Empire.
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Education
Every child has the right to learn.
A smiling young student holds a small chalkboard in a classroom in Côte d’Ivoire.
UNICEF/UN0149769/Dejongh
On any given school day, over 1 billion children around the world head to class.
More children and adolescents today are enrolled in pre-primary, primary and secondary education than ever before. Yet, for many of them, schooling does not lead to learning.
A lack of trained teachers, inadequate learning materials, makeshift classes and poor sanitation facilities make learning difficult for many children. Others come to school too hungry, sick or exhausted from work or household tasks to benefit from their lessons.
The consequences are grave: An estimated 617 million children and adolescents around the world are unable to reach minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics – even though two thirds of them are in school.
This learning crisis is the greatest global challenge to preparing children and adolescents for life, work and active citizenship.