Написать абстрактное письмо, то есть пересказ текста при этом уложиться в 100 слов main alternatives to venture capital because of the strict requirements venture capitalists have for potential investments, many entrepreneurs seek seed funding from angel investors, who may be more willing to invest in highly speculative opportunities, or may have a prior relationship with the entrepreneur. furthermore, many venture capital firms will only seriously evaluate an investment in a start-up company otherwise unknown to them if the company can prove at least some of its claims about the technology and/or market potential for its product or services. to achieve this, or even just to avoid the dilutive effects of receiving funding before such claims are proven, many start-ups seek to self-finance sweat equity until they reach a point where they can credibly approach outside capital providers such as venture capitalists or angel investors. this practice is called "bootstrapping". there has been some debate since the dot com boom that a "funding gap" has developed between the friends and family investments typically in the $0 to $250,000 range and the amounts that most vc funds prefer to invest between $1 million to $2 million. this funding gap may be accentuated by the fact that some successful vc funds have been drawn to raise ever-larger funds, requiring them to search for correspondingly larger investment opportunities. this gap is often filled by sweat equity and seed funding via angel investors as well as equity investment companies who specialize in investments in startup companies from the range of $250,000 to $1 million. the national venture capital association estimates that the latter now invest more than $30 billion a year in the usa in contrast to the $20 billion a year invested by organized venture capital funds. in industries where assets can be securitized effectively because they reliably generate future revenue streams or have a good potential for resale in case of foreclosure, businesses may more cheaply be able to raise debt to finance their growth. good examples would include asset-intensive extractive industries such as mining, or manufacturing industries. offshore funding is provided via specialist venture capital trusts, which seek to utilise securitization in structuring hybrid multi-market transactions via an spv (special purpose vehicle): a corporate entity that is designed solely for the purpose of the financing. crowd funding is emerging as an alternative to traditional venture capital. crowd funding is an approach to raising the capital required for a new project or enterprise by appealing to large numbers of ordinary people for small donations. while such an approach has long precedents in the sphere of charity, it is receiving renewed attention from entrepreneurs such as independent film makers, now that social media and online communities make it possible to reach out to a group of potentially interested supporters at very low cost. some crowd funding models are also being applied for startup funding, for example, grow vc. one of the reason to look for alternatives to venture capital is the problem of the traditional vc model. the traditional vcs are shifting their focus to later-stage investments, and return on investment of many vc funds have been low or negative.

1. The highest skyscraper is the Empire State Building.
№2. Broadway is the longest street in the city. 
№2. а) 3 абзац Broadway is the street of the best known theatres and cinemas.бродвей улица, известная своими театрами и кинотеатрами
б)1. почувствовав себя не очень хорошо, она решила не ходить на вечеринку
2. многие бегающие люди в центральном парке стараются похудеть
3. играющие в парке дети далеко от быстрых машин и занятых(переполненных) улиц
№4.1. The children were playing in Central Park when we met them.

Nikolai Gogol, a famous Russian writer, is one of the great masters of prose and drama in Russian classical literature. Nikolai Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the family of landowner Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky Afanasyevich in the village of Sorochyntsy (Poltava province). He came from an old Ukrainian Cossack family and was a descendant of the famous Cossack Ostap Gogol, who was at the end of the XVII century Hetman of the right-Bank Ukraine.           Gogol was an unusual and interesting person, for example, he had a passion for needlework: he knitted shawls, cut dresses for his sisters, and sewed scarves for himself. He cooked well and treated his friends to dumplings and dumplings. Gogol wrote poor essays at school, he was very weak in languages and made progress only in drawing and Russian literature. Gogol often rolled balls of white bread when writing. He told his friends that it helped him solve difficult problems. He always had sweets in his pockets. He saved up sugar lumps, hid them, and then chewed them while working or talking. Gogol's literary fame was brought by the collection of works "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" (1831-1832), rich in Ukrainian ethnographic and folklore material, marked by romantic mood, lyricism and humour. The source of the plot for Gogol's play "The inspector" was a real event in the city of Ustyuzhne, Novgorod province, and the author was told about what happened there by Pushkin. The history of his native Ukraine was one of Gogol's favourite Hobbies and activities. It was these studies that prompted him to write the epic novel "Taras Bulba". It was first published in the collection "Mirgorod" and in 1835, one copy of this magazine Gogol personally handed over to Mr A. Uvarov - the Minister of education, the latter gave it to Emperor Nicholas I.

Николай Васильевич Гоголь, известный русский писатель, - один из великих мастеров прозы и драматургии в русской классической литературе. Николай Гоголь родился 20 марта (1 апреля) 1809 года в семье помещика Василия Гоголя-Яновского Афанасьевича в селе Сорочинцы Полтавской губернии. Он происходил из старинного украинского казацкого рода и был потомком знаменитого казака Остапа Гоголя, который был в конце XVII века гетманом Правобережной Украины. Гоголь был необычным и интересным человеком, например, у него была страсть к рукоделию: он вязал платки, кроил платья для сестер, шил себе шарфы. Он хорошо готовил и угощал своих друзей варениками и пельменями. Гоголь писал плохие сочинения в школе, он был очень слаб в языках и делал успехи только в рисовании и русской литературе. Гоголь часто катал шарики белого хлеба, когда писал. Он говорил своим друзьям, что это ему решать сложные задачи. В карманах у него всегда были сладости. Он копил кусочки сахара, прятал их, а потом жевал, во время работы или разговора. Литературную славу Гоголю принес сборник произведений "Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки" (1831-1832), богатый украинским этнографическим и фольклорным материалом, отмеченный романтическим настроением, лиризмом и юмором. Источником сюжета для пьесы Гоголя "Ревизор" послужило реальное событие в городе Устюжне Новгородской губернии, и автору рассказывал о том, что там произошло Пушкин. История родной Украины была одним из любимых увлечений и занятий Гоголя. Именно эти занятия побудили его написать эпический роман "Тарас Бульба". Впервые он был опубликован в сборнике "Миргород."  В 1835 году один экземпляр этого журнала Гоголь лично передал г-ну А. Уварову - министру народного просвещения, а тот передал его императору Николаю I.