Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets and answer the questions. Where do you go when you want to know the latest business news, follow commodity prices, оr stay abreast of the latest scientific and technological developments? Today, the answer is obvious: you log on to the internet. Three centuries ago, the answer 1(be) just as easy: you2 (go) to a coffee-house. There, for the price of a cup of coffee, you 3(can) attend scientific lectures, or chat with like-minded people about literature or politics. Like today's websites, coffee-houses 4(be) lively. Collectively Europe's interconnected web of coffee-houses 5(form) the internet of the Enlightenment era.
The contrast between coffee and alcoholic drinks was reflected in the decor of the coffee houses that 6(begin) to appear in European cities, London in particular. They7(decorate) with bookshelves, mirrors, gilt-framed pictures and good furniture, in contrast to the rowdiness and gloom of taverns. According to custom, social differences 8 (leave) at the coffee-house door and anyone who started a quarrel had to atone for it by buying an order of coffee for all present.
Coffee9( be) the ideal drink. Its popularity owed much to the growing middle class оf information workers, who 10(do) mental work in offices rather than performing physical labour in the open, and found that coffee sharpened their mental faculties. Such men 11)be) not rich enough to entertain lavishly at home, but 12(can) afford to spend a few pence a day on coffee. Coffee-houses were nicknamed "penny universities" in a contemporary English verse which observed: "So great Universitie, I think there ne'er was any; In which you may a Scholar be, for spending of a penny."
2. Have you been studying English for a long time?
3. She has recently begun studying English.
4. Has your brother finished school?
5. Has your sister been working for the bank for a long time?
6. Has John come to the office?
7. How long is this question being discussed?
8. I haven't been to the theatre since (the) autumn.
9. How many English books have you read?
10. How long have you been working for this agency?