A) What does the form of the kalpak mean? b) What detail of the kalpak is the symbol of life? c) What does the tassel on the kalpak mean? d) Why do Kyrgyz people decorate the kalpak with patterns? e) Is the colour of the brim important? Why?
Изучение Африки европейцами — изучение Африки европейскими путешественниками. Знакомство европейцев с Африкой началось ещё в античности. Античные путешественники изучали Северную Африку; при этом собственно Африкой или Ливией считали континент за пределами Египта, который считался частью Азии. Исследования Африки южнее Сахары активно продолжились в эпоху географических открытий (начиная с XV в.). Основную роль играли португальские мореплаватели: так, Бартоломео Диас в 1488 году достиг Мыса Доброй Надежды, открыв морской путь в Индию и на Дальний восток. При этом знакомство с внутренней частью континента в XVI, XVII и первой половине XVIII вв. оставалось незначительным: основную роль в нём играли работорговцы. В начале XIX в. сведения европейцев об Африке южнее Сахары оставались незначительными. Исследования Южной Африки активно продолжались в 1830-1840 годах, и активно развивались во второй половине XIX вв. во время колониального дележа континента. Большую роль в этом процессе играли поиски истоков Нила.
1 Peter: You (have been telephoning) for ages. Have you not nearly (finished)? Jack: I (have not got) through yet. I (have been trying) to get our Paris office but the line (has been ) engaged all morning. 2 Ann (has failed) her driving test three times because she's so bad at reversing. But she (has been practising) reversing for the last week and I think she (has got) a bit better at it. 3 Tom: I have often (wondered) why Bill left the country so suddenly. Peter: Actually, I have just (found) out. 4 He (has been playing) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He has only just (stopped). 5 Why have you (not brought) me the letters for signature? Have you (not typed) them yet? 6 Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): Have you been (sunbathing)? Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (has been raining) all day! 7 A pair of robins (have been building) a nest in the porch since last week. I (have been watching them from my window since they began. 8 The police (have not found) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother (has been) in the station all day. The police say that he (has been helping) them with their enquiries. 9 They (have pulled) down most of the houses in this street, but they (have not touched) the old shop at the corner yet. 10 Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (have been searching) for six months and (have not seen) any sign of it. 11 I (have been waiting) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (have been waiting) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again. 12 Peter (has been) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (has been looking) for a better post but so far he (has not found) anything.
да
Объяснение:
Изучение Африки европейцами — изучение Африки европейскими путешественниками. Знакомство европейцев с Африкой началось ещё в античности. Античные путешественники изучали Северную Африку; при этом собственно Африкой или Ливией считали континент за пределами Египта, который считался частью Азии. Исследования Африки южнее Сахары активно продолжились в эпоху географических открытий (начиная с XV в.). Основную роль играли португальские мореплаватели: так, Бартоломео Диас в 1488 году достиг Мыса Доброй Надежды, открыв морской путь в Индию и на Дальний восток. При этом знакомство с внутренней частью континента в XVI, XVII и первой половине XVIII вв. оставалось незначительным: основную роль в нём играли работорговцы. В начале XIX в. сведения европейцев об Африке южнее Сахары оставались незначительными. Исследования Южной Африки активно продолжались в 1830-1840 годах, и активно развивались во второй половине XIX вв. во время колониального дележа континента. Большую роль в этом процессе играли поиски истоков Нила.
Jack: I (have not got) through yet. I (have been trying) to get our Paris office but the line (has been ) engaged all morning.
2 Ann (has failed) her driving test three times because she's so bad at reversing. But she (has been practising) reversing for the last week and I think she (has got) a bit better at it.
3 Tom: I have often (wondered) why Bill left the country so suddenly.
Peter: Actually, I have just (found) out.
4 He (has been playing) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He has only just (stopped).
5 Why have you (not brought) me the letters for signature? Have you (not typed) them yet?
6 Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): Have you been (sunbathing)?
Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (has been raining) all day!
7 A pair of robins (have been building) a nest in the porch since last week. I (have been watching them from my window since they began.
8 The police (have not found) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother (has been) in the station all day. The police say that he (has been helping) them with their enquiries.
9 They (have pulled) down most of the houses in this street, but they (have not touched) the old shop at the corner yet.
10 Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (have been searching) for six months and (have not seen) any sign of it.
11 I (have been waiting) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (have been waiting) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again.
12 Peter (has been) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (has been looking) for a better post but so far he (has not found) anything.