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«From the History of Football» (text in English with Passive Voice )Words to understand: allow — разрешать for a purpose — с целью whether — ли both hands and feet — как руки, так и ноги disappointed — разочарованный lose patience — потерять терпение struggle — борьба hold — держать introduce — вводить в практику prevent from — мешать Ball games were well known hundreds of years ago. They didn’t take place in the stadiums or on football fields (pitches). They were played in squares and streets of the cities and villages, and they are dangerous to windows and doors of the houses. People in those days were so excited about these games that they used to leave their work to take part in a game. That’s why at the beginning of the 17th century special laws were made against playing ball games. Nobody was allowed to play, and for two hundred and fifty years there were no games in Europe. People began to play again in the second half of the 19th century. In 1863, a meeting was called in a tavern in Great Queen Street, London, for the purpose of deciding the rules of the games. The main question was whether the players must use both their hands and feet, or only their feet. There was much excitement at the meeting. Shouts of “Only feet” came from one end of the hall. “Hands and feet” came from the other end . At last the disappointed “hands and feet” group saw that they could not win, they lost patience and left the hall, giving up struggle. The meeting then became quieter and thirteen rules of football were agreed on. In 1863, they were published and became the international rules of the game all over the world. The rules fixed the number of men in a team: the team has a goal-keeper, one full-back, one half-back and eight forwards. Only the goalkeeper could hold the ball in his hands. Within the time the rules were changing, for example, the sound of referee’s whistle was heard for the first time in 1878. Before that time, the referees shouted to the players, or made signals with their arms. The goal, as we see it today, was introduced in 1891. The same year was the introduction of the eleven-meter penalty kick. At first, the goalkeeper was allowed to move six meters to defend his goal. He could cross from one corner of the goal to the other to prevent the player from making the penalty kick. But the rule was introduced fixing the position of the goalkeeper, and forcing him to stand without moving before the penalty kick was made. In 1925, the rules were changed for the last time. Questions to the text: Why were ball games not always allowed by law? When were the football rules published? Did they change within the time? How many players are there in a team? What are they? Do you know the name of a game which is similar to football but players can hold the ball in their hands?
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies a big part of dry land. The country is known as a Legend Empire, because it has been suffering from foreign invasion and dominance by outsiders from times immemorial, but still strong and alive.
The country divided by Ural mountain range in two big parts is full of controversies. People who live close to Europe are not the same with Russians from the other side of the Ural. Russia is rich in such natural treasures as coal, oil, nickel, copper, natural gas and even diamonds. The oversize of the territory determines a big variety of climates: from arctic to subtropical one. In the centre of the country there is a temperate climate. One of the main sources of pride in Russia is unique nature from East to West. The country is rich in numerous lakes, rivers and woods.
Everybody knows that USA is called “a melting pot of cultures” thanks to its history and national background. This is also true about Russia, because its population consists of many nationalities: Slavs, Tatars, Chuvash, etc. This mix makes the country unique and unusual.
The head of the state is a president who is usually elected every 6 years. The capital of the country is Moscow with population of about 10 million people and it increases every day. This city is like a miniature copy of the whole country.
There are many stereotypes about Russian people and their country. Most of Americans and Europeans suppose that every Russian family lives in severe Siberia, drinks vodka every day, plays balalaika and has its own brown bear instead of a dog. Actually, Russia is a big political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre now and all these stereotypes are no more than fairytales.
Перевод
Россия – одна из самых больших стран мира. Она занимает большую часть суши. Страна известна как легендарная империя, потому что с незапамятных времен страдает от иноземных захватчиков и давления с внешней стороны, однако все еще сильна и жива.
Страна, разделенная Уральским горным хребтом на две части, полна противоречий. Люди, которые живут рядом с Европой, совсем не похожи на россиян, живущих по другую сторону Урала. Россия богата такими полезными ископаемыми как уголь, масло, никель, медь, природный газ и даже алмазы. Огромные размеры территории определяют местное климатическое разнообразие: от арктического до субтропического. В центре страны климат умеренный. Один из главных периодов для гордости в стране – ее уникальная природа с Востока до Запада. Страна богата многочисленными озерами, реками и лесами.
Каждому известно, что США называют плавильным котлом культур благодаря его истории и национальной принадлежности граждан. То же самое можно сказать и о России, потому что ее население состоит из людей многих национальностей: славяне, татары, чуваши и многие другие. Этот микс делает страну уникальной и необычной.
Главой государства является президент, которого обычно избирают каждые 6 лет. Столица страны – город Москва с населением около 10 миллионов человек и каждый день оно растет. Этот город – копия всей страны в миниатюре.
О русских и об их стране существует множество стереотипов. Большинство американцев и европейцев полагают, что каждая русская семья живет в суровой Сибири, пьет каждый день водку, играет на балалайке и имеет своего собственного бурого медведя вместо собаки. На самом деле, Россия является на сегодняшний день крупным политическим, научным, культурным и промышленным центром и все эти стереотипы не более чем сазка.
(text in English with Passive Voice )Words to understand:
allow — разрешать
for a purpose — с целью
whether — ли
both hands and feet — как руки, так и ноги
disappointed — разочарованный
lose patience — потерять терпение
struggle — борьба
hold — держать
introduce — вводить в практику
prevent from — мешать
Ball games were well known hundreds of years ago. They didn’t take place in the stadiums or on football fields (pitches). They were played in squares and streets of the cities and villages, and they are dangerous to windows and doors of the houses.
People in those days were so excited about these games that they used to leave their work to take part in a game. That’s why at the beginning of the 17th century special laws were made against playing ball games. Nobody was allowed to play, and for two hundred and fifty years there were no games in Europe.
People began to play again in the second half of the 19th century.
In 1863, a meeting was called in a tavern in Great Queen Street, London, for the purpose of deciding the rules of the games. The main question was whether the players must use both their hands and feet, or only their feet. There was much excitement at the meeting. Shouts of “Only feet” came from one end of the hall. “Hands and feet” came from the other end . At last the disappointed “hands and feet” group saw that they could not win, they lost patience and left the hall, giving up struggle. The meeting then became quieter and thirteen rules of football were agreed on. In 1863, they were published and became the international rules of the game all over the world.
The rules fixed the number of men in a team: the team has a goal-keeper, one full-back, one half-back and eight forwards. Only the goalkeeper could hold the ball in his hands.
Within the time the rules were changing, for example, the sound of referee’s whistle was heard for the first time in 1878. Before that time, the referees shouted to the players, or made signals with their arms. The goal, as we see it today, was introduced in 1891. The same year was the introduction of the eleven-meter penalty kick. At first, the goalkeeper was allowed to move six meters to defend his goal. He could cross from one corner of the goal to the other to prevent the player from making the penalty kick. But the rule was introduced fixing the position of the goalkeeper, and forcing him to stand without moving before the penalty kick was made.
In 1925, the rules were changed for the last time.
Questions to the text:
Why were ball games not always allowed by law?
When were the football rules published?
Did they change within the time?
How many players are there in a team?
What are they?
Do you know the name of a game which is similar to football but players can hold the ball in their hands?
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies a big part of dry land. The country is known as a Legend Empire, because it has been suffering from foreign invasion and dominance by outsiders from times immemorial, but still strong and alive.
The country divided by Ural mountain range in two big parts is full of controversies. People who live close to Europe are not the same with Russians from the other side of the Ural. Russia is rich in such natural treasures as coal, oil, nickel, copper, natural gas and even diamonds. The oversize of the territory determines a big variety of climates: from arctic to subtropical one. In the centre of the country there is a temperate climate. One of the main sources of pride in Russia is unique nature from East to West. The country is rich in numerous lakes, rivers and woods.
Everybody knows that USA is called “a melting pot of cultures” thanks to its history and national background. This is also true about Russia, because its population consists of many nationalities: Slavs, Tatars, Chuvash, etc. This mix makes the country unique and unusual.
The head of the state is a president who is usually elected every 6 years. The capital of the country is Moscow with population of about 10 million people and it increases every day. This city is like a miniature copy of the whole country.
There are many stereotypes about Russian people and their country. Most of Americans and Europeans suppose that every Russian family lives in severe Siberia, drinks vodka every day, plays balalaika and has its own brown bear instead of a dog. Actually, Russia is a big political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre now and all these stereotypes are no more than fairytales.
Перевод
Россия – одна из самых больших стран мира. Она занимает большую часть суши. Страна известна как легендарная империя, потому что с незапамятных времен страдает от иноземных захватчиков и давления с внешней стороны, однако все еще сильна и жива.
Страна, разделенная Уральским горным хребтом на две части, полна противоречий. Люди, которые живут рядом с Европой, совсем не похожи на россиян, живущих по другую сторону Урала. Россия богата такими полезными ископаемыми как уголь, масло, никель, медь, природный газ и даже алмазы. Огромные размеры территории определяют местное климатическое разнообразие: от арктического до субтропического. В центре страны климат умеренный. Один из главных периодов для гордости в стране – ее уникальная природа с Востока до Запада. Страна богата многочисленными озерами, реками и лесами.
Каждому известно, что США называют плавильным котлом культур благодаря его истории и национальной принадлежности граждан. То же самое можно сказать и о России, потому что ее население состоит из людей многих национальностей: славяне, татары, чуваши и многие другие. Этот микс делает страну уникальной и необычной.
Главой государства является президент, которого обычно избирают каждые 6 лет. Столица страны – город Москва с населением около 10 миллионов человек и каждый день оно растет. Этот город – копия всей страны в миниатюре.
О русских и об их стране существует множество стереотипов. Большинство американцев и европейцев полагают, что каждая русская семья живет в суровой Сибири, пьет каждый день водку, играет на балалайке и имеет своего собственного бурого медведя вместо собаки. На самом деле, Россия является на сегодняшний день крупным политическим, научным, культурным и промышленным центром и все эти стереотипы не более чем сазка.