1. animal hospital 5. animal protection
2. cruelty against animals 6. nation of animal lovers
3. animal rights success 7. tastes are changing
4. animal hotel 8. homeless animals
a. the english people like animals very much. pets: dogs, cats, horses, ducks, canaries, chickens and other friends of men have a much better life in britain, than anywhere else. in britain they have special dog shops selling food, clothes and other things for dogs. there are dog hair-dressing saloons and dog cemetries. the english arrange dogs' shows and organize dogs' supper parties for winners o f dogs' competitions. they do all they can to make animals feel well in their home and outside their homes too.
b. every year thousands of animals arrive at london airport, some stay the night there; others stay several weeks. in one month, for example, special staff looked after 47000 creatures: birds, insects, fish, elephants, monkeys and other animals. all animals have special treatment so that their owners may not worry about them while they are away. the english people believe that they are the only nation on the earth that is really kind to its animals.
c. the british have always loved animals. great britain was the first country to create a society to protect animals in 1824. the society still exists today, and it is called the rspca - the royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. the rspc a finds new owners for 96,000 homeless animals every year. besides, it organizes different public events and is involved in lots o f activities in the sphere o f protecting animals’ rights. the rspca also provides charity support to animal shelters.
d. today, half o f the households in britain have a pet. cats are especially popular because many people who live alone and go to work like independent pets. other popular pets are dogs, birds, rabbits, fish, guinea-pigs and hamsters. however, in recent years the english began to show love for more exotic animals. you can come across such exotic pets as crocodiles, elephants, tigers, spiders, cobras, camels and lizards.
e. strays are animals without owners or homes. some of the strays have simply lost their owners but in other cases their owners have abandoned them, especially in the case o f dogs. people often get tired o f pets when they get too big or make a mess. especially at christmas, when people buy cats and dogs as “cute presents” but then they are too lazy to take care for the animals and turn them out. the rspca tries to find owners for these animals.
f. the hospital helps animal owners who pay expensive vets’ bills. many of the owners are old or live alone with their pets. all the nurses have to do a two-year course before they can work there. they need to learn to give an anaesthetic, do x-rays and put on bandages. it’s not easy when you have to put a bandage on a rabbit’s broken legs or an owl’s wing. the nurses agree that the best part of the job is the satisfaction when the animal recovers and the owners are happy
2) Much of the equipment in the office needs updating.
3) A car is a means of transport.
4) How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?
5) When I got to the theatre, they were already playing the second act.
6) Unusual facts, marvels are called phenomena.
7) The brown sweater is the best.
8) That was the most interesting movie I have ever seen.
9) Uncle Carl is really a sweet old man.
10) Which is the longest river, the Dnipro or the Dnister?
11) Fanny can sew dresses so well.
12) Taras drives dangerously.
13) Those apples look delicious. May I have one?
14) She often sneaks out of the house quietly.
15) I absolutely refuse to stay here any longer.
Muscle Contraction: Muscles are made up of bundles of individual muscle fibers. When these muscle fibers receive signals from the nervous system, they contract, which means they shorten and generate force. This contraction is the primary mechanism by which muscles create movement.
Muscle Groups and Antagonistic Pairs: Muscles often work in groups and pairs to create coordinated movements. For example, when you bend your arm at the elbow, the biceps muscle contracts, while the triceps muscle relaxes. These muscles are known as antagonistic pairs, as they have opposing actions.
Tendons and Bones: Muscles are attached to bones via tendons, which are strong connective tissues. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the attached tendon, which, in turn, pulls on the bone, causing movement around the joint.
Muscle Fiber Types: Our muscles consist of different types of muscle fibers, including slow-twitch fibers and fast-twitch fibers. Slow-twitch fibers are responsible for endurance activities and sustained contractions, while fast-twitch fibers generate more force and are involved in quick, powerful movements.
Muscle Synergies: Multiple muscles often work together in a coordinated manner to perform complex movements. These muscle synergies involve the activation and synchronization of various muscle groups to produce smooth and efficient motions.
Fine Motor Control: In addition to larger movements, our muscles also enable fine motor control. Small, intricate movements, such as typing on a keyboard or holding a pen, require precise coordination of muscles and motor units to execute precise actions.